ELF & BELF
ELF and BELF are two related concepts in ELT (English Language Teaching) that refer to different varieties of English. ELF stands for English as a Lingua Franca, which refers to English used as a common means of communication between speakers who have different first languages. ELF emphasizes the use of English as a tool for effective communication, rather than adherence to native speaker norms. ELF recognizes that there are many different varieties of English, and that the language is constantly evolving and adapting to new contexts and users. BELF stands for English as a Business Lingua Franca, which is a specific subset of ELF that refers to English used in a business context. BELF emphasizes the use of English as a tool for effective communication in international business contexts, where English is often used as a common language between speakers with different native languages. BELF recognizes the importance of understanding cultural differences and adapting communication strategies to suit the needs of different audiences. In ELT, both ELF and BELF are important concepts for teachers and learners to understand, as they reflect the growing importance of English as a global language and the need for effective communication across cultures and languages. Teachers who incorporate ELF and BELF into their teaching can help their students develop the language skills and cultural awareness necessary to succeed in today's globalized world.
Articles
Alexander, R. J. (1999) Caught in a global English trap, or liberated by a lingua franca? Unravelling some aims, claims and dilemmas of the English teaching profession. In C. Gnutzmann (ed.), Teaching and Learning English as a Global Language. Tübingen: Stauffenburg, pp. 23–39
Angouri, J. (2013) The multilingual reality of the multinational workplace: language policy and language use, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 34(6),564-581.
Angouri, J. & Miglbauer, M. (2014) And then we summarise in English for the others: the lived experience of the multilingual workplace, Multilingua, 33(1-2), 147-172.
Barančicová, Jana and Zerzová, Jana. "English as a lingua franca used at international meetings" Journal of Language and Cultural Education, vol.3, no.3, 2015, pp.30-51. https://doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2015-0018
Birlik, S. & Kaur, J. (2020). BELF expert users: Making visible in internal BELF meetings through the use of nonverbal communication strategies. English for Specific Purposes, 58, 1-14.
Bjorge, A. K. (2007). Power distance in English lingua franca email communication. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1): 60–81.
Bjorge, A. K. (2012). Expressing Disagreement in ELF Business Negotiations: Theory and Practice. Applied Linguistics, 33(4), 406-427.
Briguglio, C. (2005) Developing an understanding of English as a global language for business settings. In F. Bargiela-Chiappini and M. Gotti (eds), Asian Business Discourse. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 313–44.
Brannen, M.Y., Piekkari, R. & Tietze, S. (2014). The multifaceted role of language in international business: Unpacking the forms, functions and features of a critical challenge to MNC theory and performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5), 495-507.
Caleffi, P.-M. (2020). Building Rapport in BELF Communication: Solidarity Strategies in Business Emails. Status Quaestionis, 2(19). https://doi.org/10.13133/2239-1983/17133
Charles, M. (2007). Lnaguage matters in global communication: Article based on ORA lecture, October 2006. Journal of Business Communication, 44, 260-282.
Charles, M. and R. Marschan-Piekkari (2002) Language training for enhanced horizontal communication: A challenge for MNCs. Business Communication Quarterly, 65(2): 9–29.
Chew, S. K. (2005) An investigation of the English language skills used by new entrants in banks in Hong Kong. English for Specific Purposes, 24(4): 423–35.
Cogo, A. (2012). ELF and superdiversity. A case study of ELT multilingual practices from a business context. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 1, 287-313.
Cogo, A. (2016) They all take the risk and make the effort: Intercultural accomodation and multilingualism in a BELF Community of practice. In L. Loriore, & E, Grazzi (eds.), Intercultural Communication: New Perspectives from ELF, (pp.365-383). Roma TrEPress.
Coupland, N. and H. Bishop (2007) Ideologised values for British accents. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11(2): 74–93.
Du-Babcock, B. (2013). English as Business Lingua Franca: A comparative analysis of communication behavior and strategies in Asian and European contexts. Iberica, 26, 99-130.
Gass, S. M. and E. M. Varonis (1991) Miscommunication in nonnative speaker discourse. In N. Coupland, H. Giles and J. M. Wiemann (eds), Miscommunication and Problematic Talk. Newbury Park, CAI: Sage, pp. 121–45. London and New Delhi: Sage.
Graddol, D. (2004) The future of language. Science, 303: 1329–31.
Jenkins, J. (2006) Points of view and blind spots: ELF and SLA. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16(2): 138–62
Lindemann, S. (2002) Listening with an attitude: A model of native-speaker com-prehension of non-native speakers in the United States. Language in Society, 31: 419–41.
Li So-mui, F. and K. Mead (2000) An analysis of English in the workplace: The communication needs of textile and clothing merchandisers. English for Specific Purposes, 19: 351–68.
Louhiala-Salminen, L. (2002) The fly’s perspective: Discourse in the daily routine of a business manager. English for Specific Purposes, 21: 211–31.
Louhiala-Salminen, L. and M. Charles (2006) English as the lingua franca of international business communication: Whose English? What English? In J. C. Palmer-Silveira, M. F. Ruiz-Garrido and I. Fortanet-Gómez (eds), Intercultural and International Business Communication. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 27–54.
Louhiala-Salminen, L., M. Charles and A. Kankaanranta (2005) English as a lingua franca in Nordic corporate mergers: Two case companies. English for Specific Purposes, 24: 401–21
Rogerson-Revell, P. (2007) Using English for international business: A European case study. English for Specific Purposes, 26: 103–20
Seidlhofer, B. (2004) Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24: 209–39.
Seidlhofer, B. and J. Jenkins (2003) English as a lingua franca and the politics of property. In C. Mair (ed.), The Politics of English as a World Language. Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, pp. 139–54.
Seidlhofer, B., A. Breiteneder and M. L. Pitzl (2006) English as a lingua franca in Europe: Challenges for applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26: 3–34.
Shaw, P., P. Gillaerts, E. Jacobs, O. Palermo, M. Shinohara and J. P. Verckens (2004) Genres across cultures: Types of acceptability variation. World Englishes, 23(3): 385–401.
Smith, L. (1992) Spread of English and issues of intelligibility. In B. B. Kachru (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 75–90.
Tajima, A. (2004) Fatal miscommunication: English in aviation safety. World Englishes, 23(3): 451–70.
Videos
References & Resources
Bargiela-Chiappini, F., C. Nickerson and B. Planken (2007) (eds) Business Discourse. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bolton, K. (2002) (ed.) Hong Kong English: Autonomy and Creativity. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Bolton, K. (2003) Chinese Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Canagarajah, A. S. (1999) Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jenkins, J. (2000) The Phonology of English as an International Language: New Models, New Norms, New Goals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1986) The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-Native Englishes. Oxford: Pergamon.
Knapp, K. and C. Meierkord (2002) (eds) Lingua Franca Communication. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Mair, C. (2003) (ed.) The Politics of English as a World Language. Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi.
Pennycook, A. (1998) English and the Discourses of Colonialism. London: Routledge.
Phillipson, R. (1992) Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Poncini, G. (2004) Discursive Strategies in Multicultural Business Meetings. Bern: Peter Lang.
van den Doel, R. (2006) How Friendly are the Natives? An Evaluation of Native-Speaker Judgements of Foreign-Accented British and American English. Utrecht: Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics (LOT)